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Introduction: The Lifeline of Modern Economies From the fuel that powers cars to the raw materials used in plastics, textiles, and even pharmaceuticals, petroleum products are woven into the fabric of modern life. Every economy, whether developed or emerging, relies on energy security and stable petroleum supply to thrive. Kazakhstan,

Introduction: Kazakhstan’s Role in Global Energy Kazakhstan stands as one of the world’s most resource-rich nations, with vast reserves of crude oil, natural gas, and minerals that power economies across the globe. The country has become a central player in global energy supply, exporting millions of barrels of oil every